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The UK regulator OFWAT has introduced legislation based on the notion of sludge as a resource. Its value is often expressed in terms of calorific content, and the phosphate is also potentially recoverable. But how exactly should sludge value be quantified?
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For the mechanical parameters of mass, length, time, flow rate, density, viscosity, force, pressure, energy and power, adherence to US units imposes unnecessary barriers in understanding their inter-relationships based on the governing physical laws.
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Sludge intensification processes increase the sewage sludge solids concentration through thickening/dewatering or the biogas generation by digestion. But at what point do you stop extracting more water from the sludge or enhancing biogas production?
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PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are generated from the breakdown of fluorinated polymers. The activation barrier for their breakdown is huge and the only fully commercialised processes possibly capable of destroying PFAS are thermochemical ones.
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Biosolids are usually considered to be the useful fraction of the sewage sludge. They are generally higher in solids concentration and lower in pathogen content, having gone through a stabilisation process such as chemical dosing, digestion and/or drying.
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The renewed interest in all things ‘circular’ by the rest of the world has encouraged a change in mindset between industrial wastewater treatment sectors in terms of collaboration and cooperation.
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